论人类学思维范式及其从“古典”到“现代”的发展
仪 平 策
[作者简介] 仪平策（1956～），男，山东高密人，文学博士，山东大学文艺美学研究中心教授。山东济南，邮编：250100。
[摘 要] 本文着重探讨文化人类学的基本思维范式及其从“古典”形态向“现代”现代的发展转换趋向，认为人类学基本思维范式主要表现为两个层面，一是“文化”的立场和视野，二是追根溯源的阐释方式。但同时人类学的思维方式也是不断发展的，从大的方面说，已经历了由“古典”形态发展到“现代”形态的历史性转型。古典人类学的思维方式主要是，大都以人性（心灵）的一致性以及知识（技术）的普遍性为假定前提，在对“人”及其“文化身份”的把握上，偏重于“世界性”的同一性、普遍性、类似性的阐释和表述。而“现代”人类学的思维范式是，从偏于文化同一性、普遍性、类似性、客观性、事实性的探寻转向偏于文化相对性、特殊性、差异性、主体性、意义性的解释。
[关键词] 文化人类学 思维范式 古典 现代
[中图分类号]
[Abstract] The goal of this article lays its emphasis on the research into the basic thinking mode of cultural anthropology and its conversion from the “classical” form to the “modern” one. According to the context, the basic thinking mode of anthropology consists of two aspects: the standpoint and perspective from “culture” and the interpreting way by means of root-seeking research. In the meanwhile, however, this kind of thinking mode displays a inclination of continual development. From a grand viewpoint, we will see that it has already finished a historical conversion from the “classical” form to the “modern” one. The characteristic of classical thinking mode of anthropology is that, with a supposed way of consistence with humanity (soul) and knowledge (technology) and on the basis of catching up the conception of “man” and “cultural identity”, it puts particular emphasis on the interpretation and expression of the unity, generality and similarity of the concept “cosmopolitanity”. While the modern thinking mode of anthropology has converted from the researching into the unity, generality, similarity, objectivity, and factuality to the relativity, particularity, difference, subjectivity, and sensibility in the cultural area.
[Key word] cultural anthropology, thinking mode, classic, modern
人类学（这里指与体质人类学相对的文化人类学）自19世纪产生以来，经过一二百年的发展，至今已经发展成为一门流派众多、思想繁富、视域广阔、影响日隆的“显学”。不仅人类学本身逐步走向成熟，而且人类学与其他学科的相互“联姻”也渐成趋势。“换一个人类学的眼光”，正越来越自觉地成为当前许多传统学科寻求发展创新的一种学术共识。20世纪上半叶美国人类学家克罗伯（A.L.Kroeber）在他的著作《人类学》中就已宣称：一个人类学的时代已经到来。当代德国哲学家蓝德曼也指出：“人文以及社会科学，……现在开始考虑它自身的方法和目的了。人类学是时代的潮流。”[1](p7) 这些预言无疑正在变成现实。就我国的美学、文艺学研究来说，目