d the cattle totem worship with the Buddhist Bodhisattva beliefs, whose cultural implication was not a single religious worship but a manifestation of farming culture and a complex of Taoism, Buddhism, primitive totem worship, which fully conveyed the characteristics of Chinese folk culture with the expression of symbolic significance farming culture. So far, “Cattle King Festival” is celebrated in Southen County in North Sichuan every year.
Key words: Cattle King Bodhisattva; Cattle totem worship; Mahesvara; Laozi sculpture; Folk beliefs; Dharma-instruments
 
蚺蛇与甘工鸟：黎族造物的图腾与禁忌
袁晓莉
（海南大学艺术学院，海南    海口  570228）
摘 要:人类在面对自然的压力与生存的威胁时，会求助于超自然的神灵来保护自己，它可能是对人类生存有力的某种动植物，抑或是使人无比畏惧的生灵。而蚺蛇在黎族先民的生活中，同时扮演了这两个角色。对于穿梭于山区密林和跋涉于河流的黎族人来说，蛇是重要的图腾代表，他们以印记与象征的方式将蛇形挂在门楣上、戴在脖颈上、织绣在衣服上、刻画在身体上，神圣之情状以种种物象而表达，得其保佑而世代相传；而鸟也是黎族人在生存悠关的动植物中建立起的血亲与氏族标志。鸟纹是黎族衣饰、头饰、以及文身上最为多样、最集中的反映黎族审美智慧的艺术形象，尤其是各方言的甘工鸟，都是黎族古老神话投射出的黎族社会从蒙昧走向文明的见证，是黎族先民在万物有灵的认识基础上，通过幻想与神秘认知而对自然现象与生存状态进行的感性加工。这不仅体现了黎族先民图腾文化观下的集体意识，为巫术的产生、发展以及祖先崇拜奠定了精神基础，而且用一种特殊的思维方式表达出原始记忆中的人与自然、人与社会之间的关系。同时，对于图腾的崇拜也必然生出相应的禁忌，它是以限制为手段，调节发展了黎族内部个人与集团之间的统一关系。
关键词：黎族；图腾；禁忌；蛇；鸟
Pythons and Gan Gong birds: Totem and Taboo of 
Li People 's Creation
Yuan Xiao-Li
(College of the Arts, Hainan University  ,Haikou, Hainan,570228)
Abstract: Human in the face of natural pressure and threats to their existence, turn to the supernatural gods to protect themselves, gods may be some animals and plants that are effective for helping human survival, or living creatures that make human extreme fear. While the pythons play the two roles at the same time in Li ancestors’ life. For shuttling in the mountains and wading in the rivers of Li people, snakes are the important representatives of totem. To mark and symbol of the way , Li people will be the shape of a snake hanging on the lintel, worn on their neck, weaved and embroidered on their clothes, tattooed their bodies, and passed on from generation to generation. Birds are also Li people's consanguinity and Clan symbol. Bird patterns is artistic image that is the most diverse, and the most concentrated reflection of Li's aesthetic wisdom in clothing, headwear and tattoo, especially the five major dialects of the Gan Gong birds, are the ancient myths in the projection of the Li society from barbarism to civilization witness; Bird patterns is Li people based on the old animistic world view, through the fantasy and mystery cognitive , worked on the perceptual p